單項選擇題What are the switch and bridge port characteristics of a layer two spanning-tree network that is fully converged?（）

A. All switch and bridge ports are in the forwarding state.
B. All switch and bridge ports are in the stand-by state.
C. All switch and bridge ports are assigned as either root or designated ports.
D. All switch and bridge ports are in either the forwarding or blocking state.
E. All switch and bridge are either blocking or looping.


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1.多項選擇題Which of the following are spanning tree port states?（）

A. Learning
B. Spanning
C. Listening
D. Forwarding
E. Initializing
F. Filtering
G. Permitting

2.多項選擇題Which two of the following values does STP take into consideration when it elects the root bridge?（）

A. The BPDU version number
B. The access layer bridge setting
C. The Bridge ID
D. The spanning-tree update number
E. The bridge priority
F. The VLAN number

3.單項選擇題What is the purpose of the spanning-tree algorithm in a switched LAN?（）

A. To provide a monitoring mechanism for networks in switched environments.
B. To manage VLANs across multiple switches.
C. To prevent switching loops in networks with redundant switched paths.
D. To segment a network into multiple collision domains.
E. To prevent routing loops in networks.

4.單項選擇題By default, which of the following factors determines the spanning-tree path cost?（）

A. It is the individual link cost based on latency
B. It is the sum of the costs based on bandwidth
C. It is the total hop count
D. It is dynamically determined based on load

5.單項選擇題Which OSI layer header contains the address of a destination host that is another network?（）

A. application
B. presentation
C. session
D. transport
E. network
F. data link
G. physical